The Former Soviet Union/Eastern European area is unique in that the entire region was hit by one external shock that profoundly affected state economies and political systems. After the collapse, municipal fiscal reform is proceeding rapidly in the area. Systemic improvements in local taxation, budget formulation and implementation have taken place in the past decade at a rapid pace. Local governments in these regions have demonstrated important advances in program/performance budgeting and medium-term expenditure planning. Innovative reforms also are evident in financial design and planning of particular programs, such as education and health. The results of "fast track" fiscal reforms in local governments can be discerned from the chapters of this book that cover LGI research on: Armenia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Kyrgyzstan, and Romania. The case studies focus on such core financial management topics as: revenue and financing, pricing public services, and budgeting for results.