Yoshio Nishina, referred to in Japan as the Father of Modern Physics, is well known for his theoretical work on the Klein-Nishina formula, which was done with Oskar Klein in the 6 years he spent in Copenhagen under Niels Bohr during the great era of the development of quantum physics. As described by Professor Ryogo Kubo in Chap. 2 of this volume, Nishina returned to Tokyo in 1929, and started to build up experimental and theoretical groups at RIKEN. His achievements there were many and great: (1) Encouraging Hideki Yukawa and Sin-itiro Tomonaga to tackle a new frontier of physics, leading eventually to their making breakthroughs in fundamental theoretical physics that won them Nobel prizes; (2) the discovery of "mesotrons" (the name for Yukawa particles at that time, now called muons) in 1937, which was published in Phys. Rev. , parallel to two American groups; (3) construction of small and large cyclotrons and subsequent discoveries of an important radioisotope 237 U and of symmetric ?ssion phenomena by fast neutron irradiation of uranium (1939 - 40), published in Phys. Rev. and Nature; and (4) creation of a new style of research institute, open to external reseachers, an idea inherited from Copenhagen. During World-War-II his laboratory was severely damaged, and also his cyclotrons were destroyed and thrown into Tokyo Bay right after the end of the war.

This volume is a collection of Nishina Memorial Lectures delivered by distinguished physicists during the past 50 years at the invitation of the Nishina Memorial Foundation. The Lectures commemorate Yoshio Nishina, the father of modern physics in Japan. Listen to the voice of W. Heisenberg: in the right column you can download the first minutes of his lecture "Abstraction in Modern Science" recorded in 1967! You can read the remainder of this lecture and all other lectures online via the link under "E-content". It is hoped that this volume will help young readers to grasp and enjoy the progress of modern physics.