This book contains seven chapters that present research on the ketogenic diet and its roles in neuroscience and cancer. Chapter one highlights the roles of the ketogenic diet in neuroprotection and biochemical processes involved in the control of epilepsy. Chapter two reviews the use of the ketogenic diet, a low-carb, high-fat regimen, as an adjuvant treatment for neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Chapter three discusses how the antioxidant properties of the ketogenic diet might benefit patients by potentially ameliorating the harmful consequences of Alzheimer's disease. Chapter four examines abnormalities in the different molecular components of the GABAergic system in neuropsychiatric disorders as well as the beneficial effects the ketogenic diet on them. Chapters five and six discuss the ketogenic diet's role in cancer prevention and neuroglia. Chapter 7 presents the effect of the ketogenic diet on NKCC1 cotransporter regional expression.